The president’s trip to Northern Ireland will mark the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement, which ended decades of violence. But such breakthroughs are harder to achieve in today’s fractious world.
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President Biden heads to Northern Ireland on Tuesday to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement.
WASHINGTON — President Biden leaves on Tuesday for Northern Ireland to mark the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement, which ended decades of sectarian violence. But the commemoration also serves as an unspoken reminder that such diplomatic breakthroughs have become a thing of the past.
At a time of ferocious warfare in Europe and crackling tension elsewhere around the globe, the sort of bold, painstaking negotiation that brought peace to the Emerald Isle a quarter-century ago has largely disappeared from the scene. Bargaining tables sit empty these days. Shuttle diplomacy planes have been grounded. Treaties are more likely to be broken than brokered.
It would be too much to call it the death of diplomacy, but there certainly is a dearth of diplomacy for now. While Mr. Biden fervently believes in deal making, his efforts to revive the Iran nuclear accord have collapsed, and it is widely considered futile to even try to end the long-running Israeli-Palestinian conflict or negotiate with North Korea at this point. The Russians have suspended the New START treaty, the last major Russian-American arms control agreement, and there appears to be little prospect for diplomacy to halt the fighting in Ukraine in the near term.
Even on the international economic front, once a fruitful field for American presidents to leave their mark, there is little meaningful movement to continue the integration of recent years. Mr. Biden opted against rejoining the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the sweeping free trade pact negotiated by a previous administration he belonged to, nor is he pursuing any other major free trade agreement, making him the first president not to do so in four decades.
“There’s something about the moment that doesn’t make it very ripe,” said Martin S. Indyk, who served as ambassador to Israel twice and later as President Barack Obama’s special envoy for Middle East peace. “It’s harder to get big agreements when you’re in this adversarial engagement, both with Russia and with China.”
With the revival of great power competition on the scale of the Cold War, the ground for diplomacy has shifted. There is little appetite in Moscow or Beijing for meeting in the middle, while some of the world’s seemingly intractable disputes like that between Israel and the Palestinians have settled into a stalemate locked in geopolitical cement.
Domestic politics have not eased the way for major international agreements either. The rise of Donald J. Trump ushered in a nationalist, even isolationist, moment in the United States that eschews foreign entanglements. Globalism, once the bipartisan consensus, has become a bad word and with it the notion of tying American interests to those of other countries.
ImagePresident Biden came to office determined to repair international ties that frayed under President Donald J. Trump.Credit…Al Drago for The New York Times
That represents a pretty drastic change in less than a decade. After securing the New START treaty in his first term, Mr. Obama in his later years in office presided over a flurry of major diplomatic accords, including the Iran nuclear deal, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Paris climate accord and an opening to Cuba after more than half a century. “Part of our goal here has been to show that diplomacy can work,” Mr. Obama said at the time.
But the array of agreements he put in place did not survive long once Mr. Trump took office. The new president pulled the United States out of the Iran deal, the Pacific partnership and the Paris accord. He halted and to some extent reversed the opening to Cuba. He withdrew from longstanding pacts like the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and the Open Skies Treaty and even threatened to leave a 19th century postal treaty before reversing course after winning concessions.
What to Know About ‘the Troubles’
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A history of violence. “The Troubles” is a term used to describe a decades-long sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland, a region that was carved out as a Protestant-majority enclave under British sovereignty when the Republic of Ireland became self-governing in the 1920s. The conflict pitted those who wanted unity with Ireland — mostly Catholic, and known as nationalists and republicans — against those who wanted the territory to remain part of the United Kingdom — mostly Protestant, and known as unionists and loyalists.
How ‘the Troubles’ began. A civil rights march in the city of Derry on Oct. 5, 1968, is often referred to as a catalyst for the Troubles. The demonstration was banned after unionists announced plans for a rival march, but the organizers resolved to go ahead with it. When officers from the Protestant-dominated police force surrounded the demonstrators with batons drawn and sprayed the crowd with a water cannon, rioting erupted.
Simmering tensions. Centuries of disaffection quickly turned to armed revolt spearheaded by the underground Irish Republican Army and its political wing, Sinn Fein, which cast themselves as champions of the Roman Catholic minority. Loyalist paramilitary groups challenged the I.R.A., supposedly to protect a Protestant majority, injecting one more element of violence into the war.
Bloody Sunday. On Jan. 30, 1972, thousands of mostly Catholic marchers took to the streets of the Bogside district of Derry in opposition to a new policy of detention without trial. British soldiers opened fire, killing 14 protesters. The events became one of the most infamous episodes of the Troubles, known as Bloody Sunday.
A far-reaching conflict. The conflict had all the appearances of a civil war, with roadblocks, bomb blasts, sniper fire and the suspension of civil rights. Bombings also spread to the rest of Britain, and British troops hunted down I.R.A. members as far afield as Gibraltar. The I.R.A. drew significant support from groups as disparate as Irish Americans in the United States and the Libyan dictator Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi.
How the Troubles ended. The conflict came formally to an end in 1998 with a settlement known as the Good Friday Agreement. As part of the deal, a new form of regional government was created to share power between those who wanted the region to remain part of the United Kingdom and those who sought a united Ireland.
The conflict’s long shadow. Even after the Good Friday Agreement brought a form of peace, some violence has persisted. The shared executive authority set up in the 1998 accord has also seen repeated suspensions because of intractable disputes between the two sides and, most recently, the fallout from Brexit.
While Mr. Trump fancied himself a stellar negotiator, he sealed fewer major agreements than he scuttled during his four years. His promise to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, which he considered “maybe not as difficult as people have thought,” proved to be just as difficult as people thought. His efforts to strike a bargain with North Korea’s Kim Jong-un to get rid of that country’s nuclear weapons and to rewrite trade rules with China to favor American interests both failed.
His most notable successes were an update of the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico, or NAFTA, and the Abraham Accords, which opened diplomatic relations between Israel and several of its small Arab neighbors. The most consequential agreement Mr. Trump struck may have been his deal with the Taliban to pull American troops out of Afghanistan, an accord one of his own national security advisers called a “surrender agreement” and which was later executed by Mr. Biden.
Mr. Biden came to office determined to repair ties that frayed under Mr. Trump and quickly rejoined the Paris climate accord. But with free trade deeply unpopular in his own party, Mr. Biden chose not to rejoin Mr. Obama’s Trans-Pacific Partnership and has made no effort to forge a free-trade agreement of his own, unlike every president since Ronald Reagan. Instead his trade office is focusing on more limited agreements like the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, aiming to raise labor and environmental standards without offering more market access.
Mr. Indyk, who is now at the Council on Foreign Relations and recently published “Master of the Game,” a detailed study of former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger’s marathon Middle East diplomacy in the 1970s, said Mr. Biden faces an inhospitable landscape for diplomacy.
At the same time, he said the administration should demonstrate more “creativity and imagination and willingness to take some political risks” in seeking deals. “In part it’s a lack of opportunity,” Mr. Indyk said, “but in part there’s a timidity that needs to be shaken off.”
Biden administration officials said that they have focused more on restoring American credibility in the world after the contentious Trump era but that they have some specific successes to point to as well, notably a cease-fire they helped establish in Yemen last year, calling off years of barbarous warfare fueled by Saudi Arabia and Iranian-backed Houthi rebels.
And while they do not have major new treaties to sign, Mr. Biden and Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken have successfully unified NATO against Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and won support from other countries as well. American diplomats helped pave the way for Finland to join the alliance and are working to overcome Turkish objections to admitting Sweden as well. One administration official said that if the Good Friday Agreement was a home run, Mr. Biden has hit some solid singles and doubles.
Peter L.W. Osnos, the author of the new book “Would You Believe … The Helsinki Accords Changed the World,” an account of the 35-nation talks in Finland’s capital that culminated in 1975 with an agreement on European borders and human rights, said those kinds of landmark pacts require years of arduous talks. Today’s combustible international environment makes such diplomacy much harder.
ImageBelfast, Northern Ireland, late last month. The Good Friday Agreement came together in 1998 only after three previous attempts failed.Credit…Andrew Testa for The New York Times
“Diplomacy takes time and events now cascade, which overwhelms process,” Mr. Osnos said. “Just about everything now is called a crisis and is usually replaced by another one almost immediately. As soon as something becomes contentious, controversy tends to undermine it.”
Indeed, many diplomatic agreements are the product of several administrations, with one president benefiting from the spadework of predecessors. NAFTA, for instance, originated under Mr. Reagan as a pact between the United States and Canada; President George H.W. Bush expanded it to Mexico, and President Bill Clinton pushed it through Congress.
Mr. Trump left little for Mr. Biden to continue pursuing other than the Abraham Accords, which the current president would like to expand to include Saudi Arabia. So far, the Biden administration has brokered an expansion of airspace rights for Israel over Saudi Arabia, but Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had demanded other major concessions before agreeing to full diplomatic relations.
Even then, the Saudis are playing the Americans off other major powers these days, collaborating with Russia in setting oil prices over Washington’s objections and relying on China to facilitate a restoration of diplomatic relations with Iran.
The Good Friday Agreement that Mr. Biden will honor in Northern Ireland this week was no overnight success. In fact, it came together only after three previous attempts failed. And even after it was hammered out with the help of Mr. Clinton in 1998, the disputes did not actually end.
“The reason it succeeded when the others failed was because it was inclusive, because there were leaders on both sides ready to take risks and because there was a mutually hurting stalemate — both sides were tired,” said Jonathan Powell, who was chief of staff to Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain and his chief negotiator for Northern Ireland peace talks.
In his book, “Great Hatred, Little Room,” Mr. Powell detailed how it took nine more years of grinding negotiations to actually form the power-sharing government envisioned by the Good Friday Agreement between the largely Protestant unionists who favored staying in the United Kingdom and the largely Catholic republicans who wanted to merge with the rest of Ireland.
At one point near the end in 2007, the process nearly fell apart over whether the two main leaders, the Rev. Ian Paisley and Gerry Adams, would announce their agreement to join government while sitting next to each other at a table or opposite each other. As Mr. Powell related, the solution was to find a diamond-shaped table so that they could appear to be seated next to each other and across from each other at the same time.
Mr. Powell, who has since formed a private organization called Inter Mediate to help resolve conflicts around the world, said he remains optimistic that diplomacy remains viable. “Agreements are still possible,” he said. “It is just that successful agreements are few and far between — but I think they always were.”
The trick, he said, is to strike when the moment is right. At some point, for example, the Ukraine war will have to be settled at the table because it will never be fully resolved on the battlefield, he said.
“It looks pretty bleak at the moment, but I think that’s a temporary thing,” Mr. Powell said. “I think there will be other agreements. It just takes time, like the Good Friday Agreement did.”
Source: nytimes.com
