Russia – the largest country on earth – emerged from a decade of post-Soviet economic and political turmoil to seek to reassert itself as a world power.
Income from vast natural resources, above all oil and gas, helped Russia overcome the economic collapse of 1998, but the oil price slump of 2014 ended the long run of prosperity.
The state-run gas monopoly Gazprom still supplies a large share of Europe's needs.
Vladimir Putin – Russia's dominant political figure since 2000 – has enhanced his control over state institutions and the media – a process supplemented more recently by an emphasis on fierce nationalism and hostility to the West.
This led to his invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, in an attempt to re-assert Russian control over the neighbouring country.
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FACTS
Russian Federation
Capital: Moscow
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Population 142.7 million
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Area 17 million sq km (6.6 million sq miles)
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Major language Russian
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Major religions Christianity, Islam
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Life expectancy 63 years (men), 75 years (women)
UN, World Bank Getty Images
LEADERS
President: Vladimir Putin
Image source, Getty Images
Vladimir Putin has been Russia's dominant political figure since his election as president in 2000, serving two terms and then a four-year stint as prime minister, before resuming the presidency in 2012 and winning re-election in 2018.
Since his re-election against only token opposition, Russia's authorities have further tightened control over the media, thereby muffling an embryonic opposition movement.
He has also and adopted a stridently nationalist course and appealed to memories of Soviet-era power to shore up domestic support.
The president presents himself as a strong leader who took Russia out of the economic, social and political crisis of the 1990s, and defends Russia's national interests, particularly against alleged Western hostility.
Opponents and critics at home and abroad accuse him of undermining Russia's institutions, halting democratic development, and entrenching rule by a narrow, wealthy elite.
MEDIA
Image source, Getty Images
Russian TV is dominated by channels that are either run directly by the state or owned by companies with close links to the Kremlin.
The government controls Channel One and Russia One – two of the three main federal channels – while state-controlled energy giant Gazprom owns NTV.
The internet is less tightly controlled than traditional media, but the authorities have extended their control over the online world and are keen to curb the influence of global internet giants.
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TIMELINE
Some key dates in Russia's history:
1547 – Grand Prince Ivan IV of Moscow (Ivan the Terrible) is the first ruler to be proclaimed Tsar of Russia.
1689-1725 – Peter the Great introduces far-reaching reforms.
Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, Soldiers line up for a parade on Moscow's Red Square
1798-1815 – Russia takes part in the European coalitions against Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, defeating Napoleon's invasion in 1812 and contributing to his overthrow.
1853-57 – Russia suffers setback in attempt to seize territory from declining Ottoman Empire through its defeat in Crimean War.
1904-05 – Russian expansion in Manchuria leads to war with Japan – and the 1905 revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, the Duma.
1914 – Russian-Austrian rivalry in Balkans contributes to outbreak of World War One, in which Russia fights alongside Britain and France.
Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, Church of the Saviour on Spilled Blood in St Petersburg
1917 – Nicholas II abdicates. Bolshevik revolutionaries led by Lenin topple the provisional government and take power.
1918-22 – Civil war between Red Army and anti-communist White Russians.
1922 – Bolsheviks reorganise remnants of Russian Empire as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
1945 – Allied victory over Nazi Germany is followed by swift establishment of Soviet hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, and Balkans. The end of the war sees the start of decades of Cold War rivalry with the West.
Image source, Getty ImagesImage caption, Lenin and Stalin share a banner at a pro-Communist party rally in Moscow
1953 – Death of dictator Joseph Stalin ushers in less repressive rule at home, although Communist Party political dominance is firmly upheld.
1991 – Russia becomes independent as the Soviet Union collapses and, together with Ukraine and Belarus, forms the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is eventually joined by most former Soviet republics.
2000 – Prime Minister Vladimir Putin takes over as president on the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, begins steady re-orientation of Russia away from democracy and cooperation with the West towards a more nationalist and authoritarian politics.
2014 – Russia seizes Ukrainian region of Crimea.
2015 – Russia begins armed intervention in Syria to support ally President Bashar al-Assad.
2022 – Russia invades Ukraine, prompting the biggest East-West showdown since the Cold War.
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Crimea profile
- 17 January 2018
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Chechnya profile
- 17 January 2018
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Kaliningrad profile
- 14 December 2022
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Q&A: Khodorkovsky and Russia
- 22 December 2013
Around the BBC
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BBC Languages- Russia
Related Internet Links
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BBC Russian
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